Prof. Dr. Dirk Scheele heads the Social Neuroscience Department at the Faculty of Medicine at Ruhr University Bochum. His research focuses on the neurobiological mechanisms of social bonding and interaction. He investigates how the brain regulates social processes as a basis for better therapeutic approaches to social interaction disorders.
Since 2023 Professor of Social Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, and Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr
2022-2023 Professor of Social Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum
2022-2023 Associate Junior Fellow at the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg (HWK), Institute for Advanced Study, Delmenhorst
2020-2022 Deputy Head of Research, University Clinic for Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
2019-2020 Deputy Head of Research, Department of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn
2018 Visiting Scholar, California Institute of Technology, USA
2014-2018 Postdoc, Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn
2011-2014 Dr. rer. nat. in the research group “Neuromodulation of Emotion,” University of Bonn
2007-2010 M.Sc. Psychology with a focus on cognitive neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum
2004-2007 B.Sc. Business Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum
Main research areas
Prof. Dr. Dirk Scheele erforscht die neurobiologischen Grundlagen sozialer Bindung. Seine Arbeitsgruppe untersucht kognitive und sensorische Veränderungen bei sozialer Isolation und Einsamkeit sowie den Einfluss sozialer Bindung auf die Verarbeitung von Traumata. Die Forschung umfasst visuelle, auditive, taktile und olfaktorische Reize.
Methodisch kombiniert das Team behaviorale und hormonelle Messungen mit nicht-invasiven Hirnstimulationsverfahren (transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation), psychophysiologischen Erhebungen (EDA, EKG, Respiration bei sozialen Dyaden) und bildgebenden Verfahren (fMRT 1,5 bis 7 Tesla, fNIRS, mobile EEG).
Recent publications
Ocklenburg S, Fohrmann D, Breuer K J, Thomas G, Merklein SA, Reinke P, Packheiser J, Scheele D, Hidalgo-Gadea G, Schlenstedt C, Hollander K (2025). Three-Dimensional Movement Analysis of Hugging in Romantic Couples and Platonic Friends Using Markerless Motion Capture Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (2025) 49:443–465(3).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-025-00495-y
Azaad S, Scheele D, Shteynberg G, Echterhoff G (2026). Are co-attention effects on memory limited to group members? A registered conceptual replication and extension of Shteynberg (2010). Psychol Res, 90(3). doi: 10.1007/s00426-026-02329-y
Bregulla M, Packheiser J, Merz C, Echterhoff G, Scheele D (2026). Affective touch and face recognition: effects on memory and metacognitive performance. Sci Rep, 16(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-43969-9
Piejka A, Elsenbruch S, Icenhour A, Okruszek L, Scheele D, Packheiser J (2026). A multivariate meta-analysis on the relationship between social
connectedness and pain. medRxiv, doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.24.26349176
Iversen I, Alaerts K, Bakermans-Kranenburg M, Becker B, Blair R, Bartz J, Connelly J, Ditzen B, Ebner N, Kang H, Lawson E, Lønfeldt N, Moerkerke M, Montag C, Mora-Jensen A, Horta M, Peled-Avron L, Procyshyn T, Sartorius A, Scheele D, Schneider E, Theofanopoulou C, Yamasue H, Quintana D (2026). The active monitoring of oxytocin research evidence (AMORE) platform. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 185, 107713. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107713
Wiśniewska M, Piejka A, Wolak T, Scheele D, Okruszek Ł (2025). Loneliness - not for the faint of heart? Effects of transient loneliness induction on neural and parasympathetic responses to affective stimuli. Soc Neurosci, 20(6), 319-332. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2025.2498384
Barton S, Pruin A, Schulze J, Kiebs M, Scheele D, Hurlemann R (2025). Dose-response effects of exogenous oxytocin on social cognition: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 178, 106350. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106350
Packheiser J, Ocklenburg S, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2025). Embracing the void: exploring the relationship between
chronic loneliness and social touch.Curr Opin Behav Sc 2025, doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2025.101590 .
Haihambo N, Layiwola D, Blank H, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2025). Loneliness and social conformity: A predictive processing perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1547(1), 5-17. doi: 10.1111/nyas.15324
Voelter J, Postin D, Croy I, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2025). A Neural Signature of Touch Aversion and Interpersonal Problems in Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychother Psychosom, 94(5), 358-372. doi: 10.1159/000545973
Stevens L, Bregulla M, Scheele D (2024). Out of touch? How trauma shapes the experience of social touch - Neural and endocrine pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 159, 105595. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105595
Berger R, Hurlemann R, Shamay-Tsoory S, Kanterman A, Brauser M, Gorni J, Luhmann M, Schramm E, Schultz J, Philipsen A, Lieberz J, Scheele D (2024). Oxytocin-Augmented Modular-Based Group Intervention for Loneliness: A Proof-Of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychother Psychosom, 93(3), 169-180. doi: 10.1159/000538752
Mielacher C, Scheele D, Kiebs M, Schmitt L, Dellert T, Philipsen A, Lamm C, Hurlemann R (2024). Altered reward network responses to social touch in major depression. Psychol Med, 54(2), 308-316. doi: 10.1017/S0033291723001617
Schneider E, Hopf D, Aguilar-Raab C, Scheele D, Neubauer A, Sailer U, Hurlemann R, Eckstein M, Ditzen B (2023). Affectionate touch and diurnal oxytocin levels: An ecological momentary assessment study. Elife, 12. doi: 10.7554/eLife.81241
Coenjaerts M, Adrovic B, Trimborn I, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2023). Effects of exogenous oxytocin and estradiol on resting-state functional connectivity in women and men. Sci Rep, 13(1), 3113. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29754-y
Sailer U, Riva F, Lieberz J, Campbell-Meiklejohn D, Scheele D, Pfabigan D (2023). Hungry for compliments? Ghrelin is not associated with neural responses to social rewards or their pleasantness. Front Psychiatry, 14, 1104305. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1104305
Saporta N, Scheele D, Lieberz J, Nevat M, Kanterman A, Hurlemann R, Shamay-Tsoory S (2022). Altered activation in the action observation system during synchronization in high loneliness individuals. Cereb Cortex, 33(2), 385-402. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac073
Coenjaerts M, Trimborn I, Adrovic B, Stoffel-Wagner B, Cahill L, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2022). Exogenous estradiol and oxytocin modulate sex differences in hippocampal reactivity during the encoding of episodic memories. Neuroimage, 264, 119689. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119689
Lan C, Liu C, Li K, Zhao Z, Yang J, Ma Y, Scheele D, Yao S, Kendrick K, Becker B (2022). Oxytocinergic Modulation of Stress-Associated Amygdala-Hippocampus Pathways in Humans Is Mediated by Serotonergic Mechanisms. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 25(10), 807-817. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac037
Hopf D, Schneider E, Aguilar-Raab C, Scheele D, Morr M, Klein T, Ditzen B, Eckstein M (2022). Loneliness and diurnal cortisol levels during COVID-19 lockdown: the roles of living situation, relationship status and relationship quality. Sci Rep, 12(1), 15076. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19224-2
Morr M, Noell J, Sassin D, Daniels J, Philipsen A, Becker B, Stoffel-Wagner B, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2022). Lonely in the Dark: Trauma Memory and Sex-Specific Dysregulation of Amygdala Reactivity to Fear Signals. Adv Sci (Weinh), 9(15), e2105336. doi: 10.1002/advs.202105336
Lieberz J, Shamay-Tsoory S, Saporta N, Kanterman A, Gorni J, Esser T, Kuskova E, Schultz J, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2022). Behavioral and Neural Dissociation of Social Anxiety and Loneliness. J Neurosci, 42(12), 2570-2583. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2029-21.2022
Saporta N, Peled-Avron L, Scheele D, Lieberz J, Hurlemann R, Shamay-Tsoory S (2022). Touched by loneliness-how loneliness impacts the response to observed human touch: a tDCS study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 17(1), 142-150. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsab122
Lieberz J, Shamay-Tsoory S, Saporta N, Esser T, Kuskova E, Stoffel-Wagner B, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2021). Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions. Adv Sci (Weinh), 8(21), e2102076. doi: 10.1002/advs.202102076
Liu C, Lan C, Li K, Zhou F, Yao S, Xu L, Yang N, Zhou X, Yang J, Yong X, Ma Y, Scheele D, Kendrick K, Becker B (2021). Oxytocinergic Modulation of Threat-Specific Amygdala Sensitization in Humans Is Critically Mediated by Serotonergic Mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 6(11), 1081-1089. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.009
Liu C, Xu L, Li J, Zhou F, Yang X, Zheng X, Fu M, Li K, Sindermann C, Montag C, Ma Y, Scheele D, Ebstein R, Yao S, Kendrick K, Becker B (2021). Serotonin and early life stress interact to shape brain architecture and anxious avoidant behavior - a TPH2 imaging genetics approach. Psychol Med, 51(14), 2476-2484. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720002809
Coenjaerts M, Pape F, Santoso V, Grau F, Stoffel-Wagner B, Philipsen A, Schultz J, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2021). Sex differences in economic decision-making: Exogenous estradiol has opposing effects on fairness framing in women and men. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 50, 46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.04.006
Saporta N, Scheele D, Lieberz J, Stuhr-Wulff F, Hurlemann R, Shamay-Tsoory S (2021). Opposing Association of Situational and Chronic Loneliness with Interpersonal Distance. Brain Sci, 11(9). doi: 10.3390/brainsci11091135
Morr M, Lieberz J, Dobbelstein M, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2021). Insula reactivity mediates subjective isolation stress in alexithymia. Sci Rep, 11(1), 15326. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94799-w
Marsh N, Scheele D, Postin D, Onken M, Hurlemann R (2021). Eye-Tracking Reveals a Role of Oxytocin in Attention Allocation Towards Familiar Faces. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 12, 629760. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.629760
Quintana D, Lischke A, Grace S, Scheele D, Ma Y, Becker B (2021). Advances in the field of intranasal oxytocin research: lessons learned and future directions for clinical research. Mol Psychiatry, 26(1), 80-91. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00864-7
Kreuder A, Scheele D, Schultz J, Hennig J, Marsh N, Dellert T, Ettinger U, Philipsen A, Babasiz M, Herscheid A, Remmersmann L, Stirnberg R, Stöcker T, Hurlemann R (2020). Common and dissociable effects of oxytocin and lorazepam on the neurocircuitry of fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 117(21), 11781-11787. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1920147117
Maier A, Heinen-Ludwig L, Güntürkün O, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2020). Childhood Maltreatment Alters the Neural Processing of Chemosensory Stress Signals. Front Psychiatry, 11, 783. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00783
Maier A, Gieling C, Heinen-Ludwig L, Stefan V, Schultz J, Güntürkün O, Becker B, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2020). Association of Childhood Maltreatment With Interpersonal Distance and Social Touch Preferences in Adulthood. Am J Psychiatry, 177(1), 37-46. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19020212
Scheele D, Zimbal S, Feinstein J, Delis A, Neumann C, Mielacher C, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R (2019). Treatment-Resistant Depression and Ketamine Response in a Patient With Bilateral Amygdala Damage. Am J Psychiatry, 176(12), 982-986. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101219
Spengler F, Scheele D, Kaiser S, Heinrichs M, Hurlemann R (2019). A Protective Mechanism against Illusory Perceptions Is Amygdala-Dependent. J Neurosci, 39(17), 3301-3308. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2577-18.2019
Eckstein M, Almeida de Minas A, Scheele D, Kreuder A, Hurlemann R, Grinevich V, Ditzen B (2019). Oxytocin for learning calm and safety. Int J Psychophysiol, 136, 5-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.06.004
Kreuder A, Wassermann L, Wollseifer M, Ditzen B, Eckstein M, Stoffel-Wagner B, Hennig J, Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2019). Oxytocin enhances the pain-relieving effects of social support in romantic couples. Hum Brain Mapp, 40(1), 242-251. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24368
Zhou F, Zimmermann K, Xin F, Scheele D, Dau W, Banger M, Weber B, Hurlemann R, Kendrick K, Becker B (2018). Shifted balance of dorsal versus ventral striatal communication with frontal reward and regulatory regions in cannabis-dependent males. Hum Brain Mapp, 39(12), 5062-5073. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24345
Lendvai I, Maier A, Scheele D, Hurlemann R, Kinfe T (2018). Spotlight on cervical vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of primary headache disorders: a review. J Pain Res, 11, 1613-1625. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S129202
Kreuder A, Scheele D, Wassermann L, Wollseifer M, Stoffel-Wagner B, Lee M, Hennig J, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2017). How the brain codes intimacy: The neurobiological substrates of romantic touch. Hum Brain Mapp, 38(9), 4525-4534. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23679
Hurlemann R, Marsh N, Schultz J, Scheele D (2017). Oxytocin shapes the priorities and neural representations of attitudes and values. Behav Brain Sci, 40, e241. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X16000807
Eckstein M, Scheele D, Patin A, Preckel K, Becker B, Walter A, Domschke K, Grinevich V, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2016). Oxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(4), 932-9. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.245
Hu Y, Scheele D, Becker B, Voos G, David B, Hurlemann R, Weber B (2016). The Effect of Oxytocin on Third-Party Altruistic Decisions in Unfair Situations: An fMRI Study. Sci Rep, 6, 20236. doi: 10.1038/srep20236
Hurlemann R, Scheele D (2016). Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships. Biol Psychiatry, 79(3), 185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.013
Hurlemann R, Maier W, Scheele D (2016). Interactions of noradrenaline and cortisol and the induction of indelible memories. Behav Brain Sci, 39, e213. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X15001843
Scheele D, Schwering C, Elison J, Spunt R, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2015). A human tendency to anthropomorphize is enhanced by oxytocin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 25(10), 1817-23. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.05.009
Preckel K, Scheele D, Eckstein M, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2015). The influence of oxytocin on volitional and emotional ambivalence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 10(7), 987-93. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu147
Scheele D, Striepens N, Kendrick K, Schwering C, Noelle J, Wille A, Schläpfer T, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2014). Opposing effects of oxytocin on moral judgment in males and females. Hum Brain Mapp, 35(12), 6067-76. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22605
Scheele D, Kendrick K, Khouri C, Kretzer E, Schläpfer T, Stoffel-Wagner B, Güntürkün O, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2014). An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(9), 2078-85. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.78
Scheele D, Wille A, Kendrick K, Stoffel-Wagner B, Becker B, Güntürkün O, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2013). Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110(50), 20308-13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314190110
Scheele D, Mihov Y, Schwederski O, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2013). A negative emotional and economic judgment bias in major depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 263(8), 675-83. doi: 10.1007/s00406-013-0392-5
Scheele D, Striepens N, Güntürkün O, Deutschländer S, Maier W, Kendrick K, Hurlemann R (2012). Oxytocin modulates social distance between males and females. J Neurosci, 32(46), 16074-9. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2755-12.2012
Striepens N, Scheele D, Kendrick K, Becker B, Schäfer L, Schwalba K, Reul J, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2012). Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109(44), 18144-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208852109
Becker B, Mihov Y, Scheele D, Kendrick K, Feinstein J, Matusch A, Aydin M, Reich H, Urbach H, Oros-Peusquens A, Shah N, Kunz W, Schlaepfer T, Zilles K, Maier W, Hurlemann R (2012). Fear processing and social networking in the absence of a functional amygdala. Biol Psychiatry, 72(1), 70-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.024
Brüne M, Scheele D, Heinisch C, Tas C, Wischniewski J, Güntürkün O (2012). Empathy moderates the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on costly punishment. PLoS One, 7(9), e44747. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044747